Physics Practical for Class 11

AIM of this experiment is to measure
(a) diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body
(b) to measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers
(c) hence find its volume.

Aim:

To measure (a) the diameter of a given wire (b) thickness of a given sheet and (c) volume of an irregular lamina using a screw gauge.

Apparatus:

Screw Gauge
Any Wire
Metallic Sheet
Irregular Lamina (uniform thickness)
Millimetre Graph Paper

Theory:

Using Vernier Callipers we can measure length accurately up to 0.1 mm. To measure more accurately, up to 0.01 mm or 0.005 mm, we use screw gauge. A Screw Gauge is an instrument of higher precision than a Vernier Callipers. In any ordinary screw, there are threads and the separation between any two consecutive threads is the same. The distance advanced by the screw when it makes its one complete rotation is the separation between two consecutive threads. This distance is called the Pitch (p) of the screw. It is usually 1 mm or 0.5 mm. Fig. 2.1 shows a screw gauge. It has a screw S which advances forward or backward as one rotates the head C through rachet R. There is a linear scale LS attached to limb D of the U frame.
The smallest division on the linear scale is 1 mm (in one type of screw gauge). There is a circular scale CS on the head, which can be rotated. There are 50 or 100 divisions on the circular scale. When the end B of the screw touches the surface A of the stud/anvil ST, the zero marks on the main scale or pitch scale or linear scale LS and the circular scale should coincide with each other.

Aim:

To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a Spherometer.
Apparatus:
1. Spherometer
2. Glass Slab
3. Half Meter Scale
4. Convex Lens
Theory:
A spherometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the radius of curvature of a spherical surface and a very small thickness.

Aim:

To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.

Apparatus:

1. Physical Balance
2. Weight Box
3. Sprit Level
4. Two Objects with Different Mass

Theory:

A physical balance or Beam Balance is an weighing instrument that helps in measuring the weight (or gravitational mass) of an object by making use of principle of moments. It consists of a metal beam B with a knife-edge at the centre pointing in the downward direction. The knife-edge rests on a horizontal flat top made of hard material (Brass). There are two edges with nuts n1 and n2 at the two ends of metal beam. A pair of pans P1 and P2 are suspended through stirrups S1 and S2 respectively. The nuts n1 and n2 are used to adjust the weights of the pan. At the middle of the beam there is a long pointer P pointing in the downward direction. This pointer moves on an ivory scale G fixed at the bottom of the brass pillar V. The pillar has two supports K1 and K2 which rests the metal beam when not in use. A knob H, at the bottom of the wooden box, is connected by a horizontal rod to the vertical pillar V. When the handle is rotated rightwards, the beam is raised and is ready to use. There are levelling screws W1 and W2 provided at the bottom of the box to make the pillar horizontal. The plumb line R suspended by the side of the pillar is given to confirm this. There are glass doors provided to the wooden box to avoid the air disturbance and to protect the balance from dust particles present in the air.
When the pans are empty, rotate the handle rightwards. The beam B will rise up and the pointer P will oscillate. If the oscillations are symmetrical about the central division of the ivory scale G, the balanced is under equilibrium state. By adjusting the nuts n1 and n2 ,the instrument can be made in equilibrium state.

A physical balance determine the gravitational mass of a body by making use of principle of moments. If the object O having gravitational mass m is placed on one pan and a standard mass O' of know gravitational mass ms is placed on another pan to keep the beam horizontal, then,

Weight of the body O in one pan = Weight of the body O' in other pan
or, mg = msg

where g is the acceleration due to gravity, which is constant. Thus,
m = ms

Aim: To find the weight of a given body (Wooden Block) using the parallelogram law of vectors.

Apparatus:

1. Parallelogram Apparatus (Gravesand’s Apparatus)
2. Two Slotted Weights With Hanger
3. Wooden Block With Hook
4. Spring Balance
5. Mirror Strip
6. Cotton Thread (roll)
7. Drawing Pin

AIM:
Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of second's pendulum.

Apparatus:

A Clamp With Stand
Bob with Hook
Split Cork
Stop Clock/Stop Watch
Vernier Callipers
Cotton Thread
Half Meter Scale
Theory:

A simple pendulum consists of a heavy metallic (brass) sphere with a hook (bob) suspended from a rigid stand, with clamp by a weightless inextensible and perfectly flexible thread through a slit cork, capable of oscillating in a single plane, without any friction, with a small amplitude (less than 150) as shown in figure 6.1 (a). There is no ideal simple pendulum. In practice, we make a simple pendulum by tying a metallic spherical bob to a fine cotton stitching thread.

Aim:
To study variation of time period of a simple pendulum of a given length by taking bobs of same size but different masses and interpret the result.

Apparatus:

A Clamp With Stand
Bob with Hook of Different Masses
Split Cork
Stop Clock/Stop Watch
Vernier Callipers
Cotton Thread
Half Meter Scale
Theory:

See Experiment 6.

The time period (T) of a simple pendulum for oscillations of small amplitude, is given by the relation,
T = 2π√(L/g) or T2 = (4π2/g) × L
∴ T ∞√L and T ∞ 1/(√g)
From the above equation, it clearly indicates that the time period of a simple pendulum is independent of mass i.e. for the same value of L and g, the time period of two bobs of different masses will be the same.

Procedure:

1. Choose any three bobs of known masses and determine their radius as in Experiment 1.
2. Now, arrange the experiment set up for first bob (say mass m1) with any effective length of simple pendulum (say 90 cm) as explained in Experiment 6. The effective length of the simple pendulum will be kept same in each case.
3. Record average time taken for 20 or 25 oscillations by the simple pendulum by performing step 4 to 15 as explained in Experiment 6.
4. Calculate the time periods for each bob and record them in table 7.1.

tudy the relationship between the force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the co-efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.

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This video demonstrates Hooke’s Law using a spring and a set of weights. You will learn how to measure the extension of the spring when different forces are applied and observe the relationship between force and displacement.

The video explains the step-by-step procedure, including measuring the spring’s extension, recording observations, and understanding how Hooke’s Law applies to the experiment.

By the end of this lesson, you will clearly understand the principle behind Hooke’s Law and how it can be observed in practical laboratory experiments.